Cystitis is inflammation of the walls of the bladder. It is characterized by rapid urination (every 15-20 minutes), strongly painful in small portions, sometimes with a mixture of blood, subfebral body temperature. The transition of the disease in a chronic form are possible, the rise of infection and the development of the inflammatory process in the kidneys and in the reduction - in the urethra. In the diagnosis of cystitis, the analysis of the urine and the results of the ultrasound of the bladder help the urologist. To determine the etiology of cystitis, the bacterial sowing of the urine and strip from the urethra is carried out. Cystitis therapy mainly implies an effective drug effect on the infectious agents that caused it.
General information
The cystitis is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. In most cases, cystitis has a contagious nature. The disease is widespread, it affects representatives of the weak and stronger sex, but is more common in women due to some anatomical characteristics of the structure of the female body.
The wider and shorter female urethra (urethra) than the male, so it is easier for pathogens to penetrate the bladder. This determines the most frequent of cystitis in women. Very often, women of fertile are sick of cystitis. There are frequent cases in which cystitis develops repeatedly in a woman, significantly worsening the quality of her life.
As a rule, cystitis is caused by representatives of pathogenic flora conditionally an intestinal stick, streptococci, staphylococci, etc. Sometimes cystitis occurs due to the infection from pathogenic agents of sexual transmission diseases and ureaplasma.
Cystitis symptoms
The most characteristic symptom of cystitis is the painful urination, accompanied by residual sensations of burning and rubbing. In addition, cystitis patients are disturbed by pain in the lower abdomen and an incomplete feeling of bladder emptying. Sometimes with cystitis, urinary incontinence develops, which appears with a strong desire to urinate.
Urine with cystitis can become muddy or acquire a reddish tint due to the impurities of the red blood cells. The temperature sometimes rises to 37, 5 degrees. The increase in temperature with cystitis can report the possible kidney disease, therefore in such cases it is urgent to apply for qualified medical care.
The prevalence of cystitis
Acute cystitis is one of the most common urological diseases. Very often there is the simple cystitis, in which microbes influence only the mucous membrane, without influencing the submucous layer. According to studies in the field of urology, acute cystitis every year drops from 26 to 36 million people. At the same time, the incidence rates between women are 500-700 episodes per 1000, while among men aged between 21 and 50, a similar indicator is only 6-8 cases per 1000.
The girls suffer from cystitis three times more often than boys. The disease is extremely rare in babies and children under 1 year or more common among children between 1 and 3 and 13-15 years. Very often, cystitis occurs in children aged between 4 and 12 years.
Chronic cystitis also belongs to the number of widespread urological diseases. According to research, chronic cystitis suffers from 11 to 21% of the population. A significant dispersion of data is due to a different approach to the determination of chronic cystitis. Some studies on studies believe that the diagnosis of chronic cystitis should be made if the frequency of exacerbations is 2 times or more, other exacerbations do not specify.
Cystitis in summer
It is unlikely that there is a woman who wants the pleasure of warm summer days to be obscured by such an unpleasant disease as cystitis. In the meantime, in the summer, especially if a woman goes away from home and falls into an unusual environment, there are many reasons for cystitis.
The most common causes of cystitis in the hot season:
- Accommodation in a new place during the holidays, causing problems subject to hygiene rules;
- Hypothermia of the body, which occurs due to the prolonged bathroom in cold water;
- violation of the usual urination regime associated with a flight, to move or find herself in a new place (in such conditions, a woman often has to endure for a long time, pending a convenient occasion);
- A strong change in the climate, which negatively affects immunity.
A further risk factor for the development of cystitis is sometimes an increase in sexual activity against the background of the conditions listed unfavorable for the female body.
If your holiday has however obscured the occurrence of such an unpleasant disease as cystitis, it is necessary to urgently contact a urologist. To clarify the diagnosis, it will be necessary to undergo an ultrasound of the bladder and take the analysis of the urine. Modern antibacterial drugs effectively affect cystitis, can accelerate the recovery and prevent the transition of acute cystitis into chronic.
Unlike the drugs of previous generations that affect the whole body, the modern antibiotics used to treat cystitis selectively act on the inflamed tissues of the bladder, practically without hitting other organs and systems. The concentration of drugs reaches the maximum values only in the urine and in the inflamed mucosa of the bladder. This can minimize the toxicological load on the body in the treatment of cystitis and increase the effectiveness of the drugs.
Phototoxicity is an unpleasant side effect caused by many drugs for the treatment of cystitis. It manifests itself in greater sensitivity to sunlight, with the appearance of redness and burns even if exposed to ultraviolet rays of small intensity. It develops due to the presence of substances in drugs with the properties of photosensitizers and photoreactives. These substances lead to the appearance of a large number of free radicals in the skin, which, in turn, causes the destruction of skin cells, inflammation and burns.
Cystitis during pregnancy
Cystitis can develop in any gestation. The probability of the development of cystitis increases due to the movement of the internal organs, which are pressed by a growing uterus, changes in the hormonal and hemodynamic background. The impact of these factors causes incomplete emptying of the bladder and the remains of the urine in the bladder serve from a favorable environment for the development of bacteria.
In the first signs of cystitis, a pregnant woman should undergo an extraordinary consultation of a gynecologist who leads pregnancy and speaks to him about the symptoms that have appeared. If necessary, the doctor will give the patient a direction to the urologist.
Cystitis for children
Cystitis can develop in a child of any age, however, for the girls of the old school and in school age, the risk of illness increases by 5-6 times. The main causes of the frequent development of cystitis in children of this group are a series of factors. The ovaries of the girls have not yet started producing estrogen, the properties of the mucous membranes barrier are low and the wide and short urethra allows pathogenic microorganisms to enter the bladder cavity.
The probability of cystitis development increases in case of other diseases due to a decrease in immunity and the formation of favorable conditions for the reproduction of pathogenic microbes in the urethra. The main way to prevent cystitis in girls is to carefully respect the hygiene rules.
The causes of cystitis
In 70-95% of patients suffering from acute cystitis, the cause of the disease becomes an Eather's wand by Eather, in 5-20% of patients, there is Stafilococcus and, in the rest, Proe or Klebsell acts as a pathogen. Typically, cystitis is caused by representatives of the conditioned pathogenic flora. With the development of cystitis due to instrumental or surgical interventions, the negative bacteria of the Gram often become the cause of the disease. Studies confirm that cystitis pathogenic agents cannot only be bacteria, but also viruses, mycoplasms, tricomonas, chlamydia and various mushrooms.
The wide prevalence of cystitis in women is due to both the low length and the large gap of the urethra and its position compared to other organs. The female urethra, unlike the male, is close to the anus. The anatomical characteristics and topography of the female body contribute to the penetration of pathogens in the urethra, their migration to the bladder and the development of cystitis.
In men, cystitis rarely develops. The reason for the occurrence of cystitis in men usually becomes inflammation of the urethra, prostate gland, appendages of testicles and seed bubbles. Sometimes the urethra infection occurs due to bladder catheterism in women and men.
The risk of cystitis increases during bladder cateterism in men suffering from prostate adenoma, one of whose symptoms is a constant delay in the urine. The danger of the development of cystitis also increases with the introduction of the catheter of a pregnant woman or has recently given birth to a woman, who is due to a decrease in the tone of the urinary tract.
Cystitis treatment
The rapid care of cystitis and the complete restoration of the mucous membrane of the bladder are possible with the timely beginning of the treatment and the use of drugs sufficient effectiveness. It should be emphasized that the chances of fully getting rid of cystitis increase with timely diagnosis and the use of drugs that detectively on the pathogens of the infection. Subsequently, the beginning of the treatment and the prescription of drugs that eliminate only the symptoms of cystitis, without affecting the pathogen environment, can lead to the transition of acute cystitis into chronic.
The main task that the doctor who treats cystitis deals is the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms that penetrate the bladder and cause inflammation of the mucosa. The choice of drugs for antibacterial cystitis therapy is determined by parameters such as the duration of the disease and the severity of symptoms. Furthermore, when selecting medicines, possible side effects, drug absorption, method and rate of its excretion, the presence of concomitant diseases, etc. are taken into consideration.
The effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of cystitis is determined by the ability of this drug to influence some microorganisms. It should be remembered that pathogenic bacteria adapt and become insensitive to antibiotics. Over time, the main causal agent of cystitis (E. coli) has become resistant to these medicines. In addition, the drugs for the treatment of cystitis, related to the previous generation of antibiotics, had a fairly high level of toxicity and caused various side effects.
When choosing a drug for the treatment of cystitis, the cost of the treatment should also be taken into consideration, which is determined not only by the cost of a tablet, but also by the true effectiveness of the antibiotic, the duration of the hiring and the possible risk to the patient's health. Today there are drugs available for the treatment of cystitis, which selectively affect the pathogens of the disease. Once in the body, medicine is concentrated in the bladder, which allows to increase its effectiveness. In addition, the use of the latest generation antibiotics guarantees a reduction of cystitis treatment, reduces the probability of side effects and reduces the risk for the patient's body.
In the treatment of cystitis, fatty and spicy foods should be excluded from the diet, increase the intake of liquids and avoid hypothermia. A warm bearing positioned on the lower abdomen helps with cystitis. A complex treatment of cystitis is possible in the use of ionoporesis, uhf or inductothermia. We must not forget that in the presence of some gynecological diseases, physiotization and thermal procedures are contraindicated.
Useful suggestions on cystitis prevention:
- Try to avoid hypothermia.
- Despite the circumstances, follow the rules of personal hygiene.
- For hygiene procedures, use neutral savings detergents.
- During menstruation, the change in hygienic gaskets in a timely manner.
- Empty the bladder in time.
- Increase the intake of liquids.
- Excessively narrow clothes can worsen blood circulation in the pelvic area, so it is better to refuse such clothes.
- Try to normalize the work of the intestine. With a tendency to constipation, the share of fresh fruit and vegetables in the diet should be increased.